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Centar Cedrus

Sibirski ginseng (eleuterokok)

Sibirski ginseng (eleuterokok)

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim) Maxim = Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim) Harms.,
Araliaceae

engl. Siberian ginseng, devilsshrub, thorny ginseng, eleutherococc, eleuthero-ginseng; fr. éleuthérocoque, Buisson du diable,; njem. Taigawurzel, Stachelpanaxwurzel, Eleutherococcuswurzel, Sibirischer Ginseng

BOTANIČKI PODACI

Eleuterokok je puzavi grm s odrvenjelim, unatrag savijenim bodljama. Listovi su izmjenični, na dugim peteljkama, dlanasto sastavljeni od 5 široko suličastih, pilastih liski. Muški i dvospolni cvjetovi su plavoljubičasti, a ženski su žućkasti, a združeni su u mnogocvjetne štitaste cvatove. Plod je plavocrna boba. Eleuterokok raste u sjeveroistočnoj Aziji, uglavnom u crnogoričnim i mješovitim šumama od Sibira do istočne Azije.

OFICINALNI DIJELOVI BILJKE

Koristi se korijen (eleutherococci radix).

KEMIJSKI SASTAV (AKTIVNE TVARI)

Lignani: -(-) sezamin (eleuterozid B4, 0,023%), eleuterozid E (liriodendrin, 0,05-0,23%), siringarezinol, eleuterozid E1, akantozid D, mezo-sekoizo-laricizinol, 7,8-trans-dihidro-dehidrodikoniferil-4-O-β-monoglukozid. Fenilpropani: koniferin, koniferilal i koniferilal-glukozid, sinapilol, sinapili-4-O-β-monoglukozid, eleuterozid B (odsutan u koreanskim kemotipovima), sinapilal, sinapilal-glukozid, kavena i klorogenična kiselina (0,2-1,8%). Kumarini:izo-fraksidin, 7-O-izofraksidin (eleuterozid B1), 4-O-etilumbeliferon. Triterpenski saponozidi (oko 0,125%): eleuterozid I, eleuterozid M, sitosterol, sitosterol-3-O-β-monoglukozid (daukosterol, eleuterozid A). Polisaharidi tipa glukana i glukuronoksilana. Šećeri: metil-α-D-galaktozid (eleuterozid C).

Eleuterozidi za razliku od ginsenozida nisu homogena grupa spojeva - pripadaju različitim biosintetskim klasama.

INDIKACIJE/DJELOVANJE

Komisija E: tonik i osnažujuće sredstvo kod umora i astenije, smanjene mentalne performanse, oporavak (rekonvalescencija).

ESCOP: smanjen mentalni i fizički kapacitet kao što su slabost, iscrpljenost, umor, gubitak koncentracije, rekonvalescencija.

Tradicionalna medicina: Tonik, osnažujuće sredstvo.

Dodatna uloga u fitoterapiji. Kronične upalne bolesti, osteoartritis.

TIPOVI EKSTRAKATA

Pulvis korijena, etanolni ekstrakt, suhi ekstrakti.

POSOLOGIJA

Komisija E: 2-3g droge dnevno u obliku pulvisa korijena ili ekstrakti koji odgovaraju navedenoj masi biljke.

ESCOP: tekući ekstrakt (40vol% etanol, 1:1) 1-2mL 1-3x dnevno. 65-195mg suhog ekstrakta dnevno (14-25:1 40vol% etanol). Drugi pripravci li ekstrakti koji odgovaraju 3-4 grama suhog korijena biljke.

KONTRAINDIKACIJE

Komisija E: hipertnezija.

ESCOP: bez kontraindikacija.

INTERAKCIJE S LIJEKOVIMA

Nepoznate (komisija E, ESCOP).

osobna iskustvena praksa

Postoje razne ljekovite biljke koji djeluju kao adaptogeni, po mojem iskustvu sibirski ginseng je jedan od optimalnih odabira. Za njega znamo reći da je "slabijeg" djelovanja od pravog ginsenga, ali je veliko pitanje kako uopće kvantificirati adaptogeno djelovanje? Dio ocjena o njegovom djelovanju koju možemo naći na internetu sigurno je obojen činjenicom da je to "ruska" biljka (najviše kliničkih istraživanja obavljeno je svojedobno u bivšem SSSR-u). No, ako je ESCOP uvrstio eleuterokok U praksi on je manje stimulativan od pravog ginsenga, ali u kontekstu nuspojava (ne izaziva eventaulno skraćenje sna). Stoga je sigurna kombinacija za široku populaciju.

Osim kao adaptogen, preporučam ga kod seksualnih disfunkcija u žena i muškaraca, no najčešće s drugim biljkama koje su za to indicirane (Tribulus terrestris npr.). Zanimljiv je i sportašima, planinarima i svima koji su u fazi intenzivnih tjelesnih napora.

REFERENCE

KLINIČKA ISPITIVANJA

Therapeutic efficacy of the neuroprotective plant adaptogen in neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson's disease as an example). Bocharov EV, Ivanova-Smolenskaya IA, Poleshchuk VV, Kucheryanu VG, Il'enko VA, Bocharova OA. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2010 Nov;149(6):682-4.

[Modern approaches to correction and prophylaxis of premature aging using adaptogenes of plant origin]. Rukavishnikova SA. Adv Gerontol. 2010;23(2):301-3. Russian.

[Hemostasis changes and their correction by adaptogen]. Shakhmatov II, Bondarchuk IuA, Vdovin VM, Alekseeva OV, Kiselev VI. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 2010 Apr-Jun;(2):43-6. Russian.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions. Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Nylander M, Wikman G, Panossian A. Phytomedicine. 2010 Jun;17(7):494-9. Epub 2010 Apr 5.

[Therapeutic potential of ginseng root preparations in treating diabetes mellitus]. Arushanian EB. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2009 Nov-Dec;72(6):52-6. Review. Russian.

Effects of AIF on Knee Osteoarthritis Patients: Double-blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Study. Park SH, Kim SK, Shin IH, Kim HG, Choe JY. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;13(1):33-7. Epub 2009 Feb 28.

[Different effect of eleuterococcus on various psychophysiological parameters of healthy humans depending on their chronotype and the day time]. Arushanian EB, Mastiagina OA. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2009 May-Jun;72(3):10-2. Russian.

Evidence-based efficacy of adaptogens in fatigue, and molecular mechanisms related to their stress-protective activity. Panossian A, Wikman G. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;4(3):198-219. Epub 2009 Sep 1. Review.

[Cardioprotective, inotropic, and anti-arrhythmia properties of a complex adaptogen "Tonizid"]. Lishmanov IuB, Maslov LN, Arbuzov AG, Krylatov AV, Platonov AA, Burkova VN, Kaiumova EA. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2008 May-Jun;71(3):15-22. Russian.

Deconstructing an adaptogen: Eleutherococcus senticosus. Bleakney TL. Holist Nurs Pract. 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):220-4. Review.

[Neuroprotective features of phytoadaptogens]. Bocharov EV, Kucherianu VG, Bocharova OA, Karpova RV. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2008;(4):47-50. Review. Russian.

[Prevention of iron deficiencies in high-qualification athletes]. Nasolodin VV, Voronin SM, Zaĭtseva IP, Gladkikh IP. Gig Sanit. 2006 Mar-Apr;(2):44-7. Russian.

Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Kormosh N, Laktionov K, Antoshechkina M. Phytother Res. 2006 May;20(5):424-5.

Impact of Chisan (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Narimanian M, Badalyan M, Panosyan V, Gabrielyan E, Panossian A, Wikman G, Wagner H. Phytomedicine. 2005 Nov;12(10):723-9.

Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration. Panossian A, Wagner H. Phytother Res. 2005 Oct;19(10):819-38. Review.

Randomized trial of a fixed combination (KanJang) of herbal extracts containing Adhatoda vasica, Echinacea purpurea and Eleutherococcus senticosus in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Narimanian M, Badalyan M, Panosyan V, Gabrielyan E, Panossian A, Wikman G, Wagner H. Phytomedicine. 2005 Aug;12(8):539-47.

Assessment of the effects of eleutherococcus senticosus on endurance performance. Goulet ED, Dionne IJ. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005 Feb;15(1):75-83. Review.

Treatment of atopic dermatitis with herbal combination of Eleutherococcus, Achillea millefolium, and Lamium album has no advantage over placebo: a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Shapira MY, Raphaelovich Y, Gilad L, Or R, Dumb AJ, Ingber A. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Apr;52(4):691-3.

[Improvement of light and color perception in humans upon prolonged administration of eleutherococcus]. Arushanian EB, Shikina IB. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2004 Jul-Aug;67(4):64-6. Russian.

Effects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus maxim.) on elderly quality of life: a randomized clinical trial. Cicero AF, Derosa G, Brillante R, Bernardi R, Nascetti S, Gaddi A. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl. 2004;(9):69-73.

Randomized controlled trial of Siberian ginseng for chronic fatigue. Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Noyes R, Hoehns J, Logemann C, Sinift S, Butani Y, Wang W, Brake K, Ernst M, Kautzman H. Psychol Med. 2004 Jan;34(1):51-61.

[Effect of eleutherococcus on short-term memory and visual perception in healthy humans]. Arushanian EB, Baĭda OA, Mastiagin SS, Popova AP, Shikina IB. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2003 Sep-Oct;66(5):10-3. Russian.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pilot clinical trial of ImmunoGuard--a standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata Nees, with Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, Schizandra chinensis Bail. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extracts in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Amaryan G, Astvatsatryan V, Gabrielyan E, Panossian A, Panosyan V, Wikman G. Phytomedicine. 2003 May;10(4):271-85.

Experimental and epidemiological evidence on non-organ specific cancer preventive effect of Korean ginseng and identification of active compounds. Yun TK. Mutat Res. 2003 Feb-Mar;523-524:63-74. Review.

A double blind, placebo-controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination Kan Jang in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections including sinusitis. Gabrielian ES, Shukarian AK, Goukasova GI, Chandanian GL, Panossian AG, Wikman G, Wagner H. Phytomedicine. 2002 Oct;9(7):589-97.

The effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng on steroidal hormone indices of stress and lymphocyte subset numbers in endurance athletes. Gaffney BT, Hügel HM, Rich PA. Life Sci. 2001 Dec 14;70(4):431-42.

[The efficacy of Eleutherococcus and cralonin in the sanatorium-health resort treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease and neurocirculatory dystonia]. Garkavi LKh, Shepelev AP, Tatkov OV, Mar'ianovskiĭ AA. Voen Med Zh. 2000 Sep;321(9):42-7. Russian. No abstract available.

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look. Davydov M, Krikorian AD. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Oct;72(3):345-93. Review.

The influence of active components of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular defence and physical fitness in man. Szołomicki J, Samochowiec L, Wójcicki J, Droździk M. Phytother Res. 2000 Feb;14(1):30-5. Erratum in: Phytother Res 2000 May;14(3):225. Szołomicki S [corrected to Szołomicki J].

Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Rege NN, Thatte UM, Dahanukar SA. Phytother Res. 1999 Jun;13(4):275-91. Review.

Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus on submaximal and maximal exercise performance. Dowling EA, Redondo DR, Branch JD, Jones S, McNabb G, Williams MH. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Apr;28(4):482-9.

[Effect of the glycosides of Eleutherococcus senticosus on the hemodynamic indices of children with hypotensive states]. Kaloeva ZD. Farmakol Toksikol. 1986 Sep-Oct;49(5):73. Russian.

Effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract on human physical working capacity. Asano K, Takahashi T, Miyashita M, Matsuzaka A, Muramatsu S, Kuboyama M, Kugo H, Imai J. Planta Med. 1986 Jun;(3):175-7. No abstract available.

[Stimulation of the immunological reactivity of cancer patients by Eleutherococcus extract]. Kupin VI, Polevaia EB. Vopr Onkol. 1986;32(7):21-6. Russian.

[Effectiveness of treating enuresis with Eleutherococcus (People's Republic of Bulgaria)]. Chenkov R. Voen Med Zh. 1984 Oct;(10):60. Russian. No abstract available.

PREDKINIČKA ISPITIVANJA

Active components from Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) for protection of amyloid β(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy in cultured rat cortical neurons. Bai Y, Tohda C, Zhu S, Hattori M, Komatsu K. J Nat Med. 2011 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]

The herbal formula HT042 induces longitudinal bone growth in adolescent female rats. Kim MY, Park Y, Pandit NR, Kim J, Song M, Park J, Choi HY, Kim H. J Med Food. 2010 Dec;13(6):1376-84.

Estimation of the combined effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract and cadmium on liver cells. Smalinskiene A, Lesauskaite V, Zitkevicius V, Savickiene N, Savickas A, Ryselis S, Sadauskiene I, Ivanov L. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Aug;1171:314-20.

Antiarrhythmic activity of phytoadaptogens in short-term ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and postinfarction cardiosclerosis. Maslov LN, Lishmanov YB, Arbuzov AG, Krylatov AV, Budankova EV, Konkovskaya YN, Burkova VN, Severova EA. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2009 Mar;147(3):331-4.

Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Panossian A, Wikman G, Kaur P, Asea A. Phytomedicine. 2009 Jun;16(6-7):617-22. Epub 2009 Feb 1.

Extract from Acanthopanax senticosus harms (Siberian ginseng) activates NTS and SON/PVN in the rat brain. Soya H, Deocaris CC, Yamaguchi K, Ohiwa N, Saito T, Nishijima T, Kato M, Tateoka M, Matsui T, Okamoto M, Fujikawa T. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008 Sep;72(9):2476-80. Epub 2008 Sep 7.

Role of sympathetic tone in the loss of syringin-induced plasma glucose lowering action in conscious Wistar rats. Niu HS, Hsu FL, Liu IM. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Nov 7;445(1):113-6. Epub 2008 Aug 28.

Inhibitory effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on amyloid beta(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss. Tohda C, Ichimura M, Bai Y, Tanaka K, Zhu S, Komatsu K. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Jul;107(3):329-39. Epub 2008 Jul 8.

Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans. Wiegant FA, Surinova S, Ytsma E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Wikman G, Post JA. Biogerontology. 2009 Feb;10(1):27-42. Epub 2008 Jun 7.

Release of acetylcholine by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Liu KY, Wu YC, Liu IM, Yu WC, Cheng JT. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Mar 28;434(2):195-9. Epub 2008 Jan 31.

Hypoglycemic effect of syringin from Eleutherococcus senticosus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Niu HS, Liu IM, Cheng JT, Lin CL, Hsu FL. Planta Med. 2008 Feb;74(2):109-13. Epub 2008 Jan 17.

Increase of beta-endorphin secretion by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to produce antihyperglycemic action in type 1-like diabetic rats. Niu HS, Hsu FL, Liu IM, Cheng JT. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Dec;39(12):894-8.

Eleutherococcus senticosus extract attenuates LPS-induced iNOS expression through the inhibition of Akt and JNK pathways in murine macrophage. Jung CH, Jung H, Shin YC, Park JH, Jun CY, Kim HM, Yim HS, Shin MG, Bae HS, Kim SH, Ko SG. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug 15;113(1):183-7. Epub 2007 May 31.

[Effect of eleutherococcus on hemostasis in immobilized rats]. Shakhmatov II, Bondarchuk IuA, Vdovin VM, Alekseeva OV, Kiselev VI. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2007 Mar-Apr;70(2):45-7. Russian.

Siberian ginseng reduces infarct volume in transient focal cerebral ischaemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Bu Y, Jin ZH, Park SY, Baek S, Rho S, Ha N, Park SK, Kim H; Sun Yeo Kim. Phytother Res. 2005 Feb;19(2):167-9.

Effects of various Eleutherococcus senticosus cortex on swimming time, natural killer activity and corticosterone level in forced swimming stressed mice. Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Dec;95(2-3):447-53.

Water-soluble polysaccharide from Eleutherococcus senticosus stems attenuates fulminant hepatic failure induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice. Park EJ, Nan JX, Zhao YZ, Lee SH, Kim YH, Nam JB, Lee JJ, Sohn DH. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004 Jun;94(6):298-304.

Vascular effects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): endothelium-dependent NO- and EDHF-mediated relaxation depending on vessel size. Kwan CY, Zhang WB, Sim SM, Deyama T, Nishibe S. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004 May;369(5):473-80. Epub 2004 Apr 17.

The influence of Eleuterococcus senticosus on cellular and humoral immunological response of mice. Rogala E, Skopińska-Rózewska E, Sawicka T, Sommer E, Prosińska J, Drozd J. Pol J Vet Sci. 2003;6(3 Suppl):37-9.

Effect of andrographolide and Kan Jang--fixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3--on proliferation of human lymphocytes, production of cytokines and immune activation markers in the whole blood cells culture. Panossian A, Davtyan T, Gukassyan N, Gukasova G, Mamikonyan G, Gabrielian E, Wikman G. Phytomedicine. 2002 Oct;9(7):598-605.

Effects of Siberian ginseng extract and ipriflavone on the development of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Kropotov AV, Kolodnyak OL, Koldaev VM. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002 Mar;133(3):252-4.

Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus may exaggerate an already existing biphasic response to stress via inhibition of enzymes which limit the binding of stress hormones to their receptors. Gaffney BT, Hügel HM, Rich PA. Med Hypotheses. 2001 May;56(5):567-72.

The synthesis of Rantes, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-13 in human whole-blood cultures is modulated by an extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus L. roots. Schmolz MW, Sacher F, Aicher B. Phytother Res. 2001 May;15(3):268-70.

Immunopharmacological in vitro effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts. Steinmann GG, Esperester A, Joller P. Arzneimittelforschung. 2001 Jan;51(1):76-83.

[The inhibiting effect of phytoadaptogenic preparations from bioginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Rhaponticum carthamoides on the development of nervous system tumors in rats induced by N-nitrosoethylurea]. Bespalov VG, Aleksandrov VA, Iaremenko KV, Davydov VV, Lazareva NL, Limarenko AIu, Slepian LI, Petrov AS, Troian DN. Vopr Onkol. 1992;38(9):1073-80. Russian.

[Efficacy of the use of biologically active substances to increase the body resistance in sailors]. Novikov VS, Bortnovskiĭ VN, Mastriukov AA, Lotovin AP, Arzumanov AA. Voen Med Zh. 1987 Oct;(10):50-1. Russian. No abstract available.

Peripheral blood changes in Eleutherococcus pretreated mice exposed to acute gamma radiation. Minkova M, Pantev T, Topalova S, Tenchova V. Radiobiol Radiother (Berl). 1982 Nov;23(6):675-8.

TOKSIČNOST I INTERAKCIJE

Spontaneously reported adverse reactions in association with complementary and alternative medicine substances in Sweden. Jacobsson I, Jönsson AK, Gerdén B, Hägg S. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 Nov;18(11):1039-47.

Effect of Asian ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and Indian ayurvedic medicine Ashwagandha on serum digoxin measurement by Digoxin III, a new digoxin immunoassay. Dasgupta A, Tso G, Wells A. J Clin Lab Anal. 2008;22(4):295-301.

Herbal extracts used for upper respiratory tract infections: are there clinically relevant interactions with the cytochrome P450 enzyme system? Heinrich M, Modarai M, Kortenkamp A. Planta Med. 2008 May;74(6):657-60. Review.

Multifocal and recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage due to an herbal supplement containing natural coumarins. Friedman JA, Taylor SA, McDermott W, Alikhani P. Neurocrit Care. 2007;7(1):76-80.

The effect of Kan Jang extract on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats. Hovhannisyan AS, Abrahamyan H, Gabrielyan ES, Panossian AG. Phytomedicine. 2006 May;13(5):318-23. Epub 2005 Sep 16.

Effect of Brazilian, Indian, Siberian, Asian, and North American ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by immunoassays and binding of digoxin-like immunoreactive components of ginseng with Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Dasgupta A, Reyes MA. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005 Aug;124(2):229-36.

Siberian ginseng (Eleutheroccus senticosus) effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in normal volunteers. Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Markowitz JS. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 May;31(5):519-22.

Effects of ginseng components on c-DNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzyme catalytic activity. Henderson GL, Harkey MR, Gershwin ME, Hackman RM, Stern JS, Stresser DM. Life Sci. 1999;65(15):PL209-14.

Siberian ginseng toxicity may be case of mistaken identity. Awang DV. CMAJ. 1996 Nov 1;155(9):1237. No abstract available.

Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng. McRae S. CMAJ. 1996 Aug 1;155(3):293-5.

[Breath and blood alcohol concentration following intake of Eleutherococcus and Gallexier]. Gerling I, Pribilla O. Blutalkohol. 1986 Nov;23(6):400-6. German. No abstract available.

Effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on hexobarbital metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Medon PJ, Ferguson PW, Watson CF. J Ethnopharmacol. 1984 Apr;10(2):235-41.