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Primorski bor (Pycnogenol)

Primorski bor (Pycnogenol)

Pinus pinaster Aiton, Pinaceae

 

engl. maritime pine; fr. pin maritime, pin des Landes, pin de Corte, pin de Bordeaux, pin mésogéen; njem. See-Kiefer, Bordeaux-Kiefer, Igel-Kiefer, Meer-Kiefer, Seestrand-Kiefer

 

BOTANIČKI PODACI

Primorski bor je stablo zapadnog sredozemlja, samoniklo u Španjolskoj, Portugalu, Francuskoj, Italiji i Maroku. Male samonikle zajednice u Alžiru i na Malti nastale su vjerojatno zbog rasađivanja u prijašnjim stoljećima. Prenesen je i u Južnu Afriku. Biljka ne voli vapnenačka i alkalna tla. To je stablo visoko 20-30 metara, koje živi i preko 200 godina. Kora je siva do žuta, u zrelih stabala crvena do crveno crna. Iglice su grupirane u parove, duge 20-30cm, krute, polukružne u presjeku. Muški i ženski češeri nalaze se na istom stablu. Muski češeri stvaraju u travnju i svibnju velike količine peludi koju prenosi vjetar.

Pycnogenol se proizvodi isključivo od podvrste P. pinaster Aiton. ssp. atlantica Villar. (francuska podvrsta).

OFICINALNI DIJELOVI BILJKE

Kora biljke ubrana sa stabla starijih od 30 godina.

Od iglica, oleorezine i drveta dobivaju se eterična ulja koja su danas od manjeg značenja.

KEMIJSKI SASTAV (AKTIVNE TVARI)

Pycnogenol sadrži gotovo isključivo klasu oligomernih proantocijanidina i fenola. Standardizira se na njihov sadržaj (70±5%), prema zahtjevima US Pharmacopoeia.

INDIKACIJE/DJELOVANJE

Kronična venska insificijencija, hemoroidi, ADHD, hiperlipidemije, dijabetes tip II, dismenoreja, melazma, endometrioza, erektilna disfunkcija, hipertenzija, spazmi mišića, osteoartritis, menopauzalne tegobe, retinopatija, astma, alergijski rinitis, prevencija CVI (kardiovaskularnog inzulta, utjecaj na trombocite).

Komisija E i ESCOP ne navode Pycnogenol u monografijama zbog recentnosti njegovih ispitivanja.

TIPOVI EKSTRAKATA

Suhi vodeno-etanolni ekstrakt kore bora.

POSOLOGIJA

 

ADHD 1mg/kg/dan. Astma 2,2mg/kg/dan

Alergijski rinitis 50mg/dan Dislipidemije 120-150mg/dan

Venska insuficijencija 150-360mg/dan Dijabetes tip II 50-200mg/dan

Dismenoreja 50-60mg/dan Endometrioza 60mg/dan

Erektilna disfunkcija 120mg/dan Hipertenzija 100-200mg/dan

Melazma 75mg/dan Mišićni spazmi 200mg/dan

Osteoartritis 100-150mg/dan Menopauzalne tegobe 200mg/dan

Retinopatija 20-160mg/dan Utjecaj na trombocite 25-200mg/dan

Kompilacija studija, H. Oliff ABC Monograph.

KONTRAINDIKACIJE

Nepoznate.

INTERAKCIJE S LIJEKOVIMA

Nepoznate. Ne amplificira utjecaj aspirina na INR.

OSOBNA ISKUSTVENA PRAKSA

Kao i prema svakom "svelijeku" širokih indikacija, imao sam prilično rezerviran i skeptičan stav, usprkos impresivnoj kliničkoj pozadini korištenja. Ipak, potpuno mi je bila jasna i pleiotropna uloga oligomernih proantocijanidina koja se marketinški najčešće reklamira kao antioksidans, a puno je više od te već prostituirane riječi. Pycnogenol je odličan odabir kod varikoziteta vena i tegoba s venama (uključujući i hemoroide), doista je djelotvoran kod metaboličkih tegoba i kod nekih oblika hipertenzije. Svatko od nas ima svoj stil, pa mi pycnogenol nije prvi odabir kod menopauzalnih tegoba, ali mi je zanimljivo njegovo djelovanje na refraktorne dismenoreje. Kod erektilne disfunkcije, pycnogenol mi je prvi odabir u pacijenata koji i inače imaju tegobe s krvožilnim sustavom i zbog organskih uzroka disfunkcije, njegova upotreba mi je i logičnija od klasika kao što su ginseng, maka i Tribulus terrestris. Zanimljivo mi je i njegovo djelovanje kod glaukoma, pogotovo u kombinaciji s α-lipočnom kiselinom (300mg dnevno), pa je profesionalcima to koristan podatak, budući da gotovo nemamo drugih rješenja u fitoterapiji za ovu indikaciju. Premda na osnovu evidence-based iskustava ne mogu imati definitivan stav, smatram ga puno boljim odabirom kod retinopatije i makularne degeneracije od uobičajenih flavonoidnih ekstrakata.

Moja mala zamjerka je cijena registriranih pripravaka, i to ne samo u Hrvatskoj. Za suvislo doziranu terapiju, mjesečna doza zahtijeva investiciju koja zahtijeva više stotina kuna. No, u današnje vrijeme dostupan je i suhi ekstrakt, pa i ta informacija može biti od značenja za one koji izrađuju pripravke od ljekovitog bilja.

REFERENCE

KLINIČKE STUDIJE

Review/Meta studije

A review on biological, nutraceutical and clinical aspects of French maritime pine bark extract. Maimoona A, Naeem I, Saddiqe Z, Jameel K. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):261-77. Epub 2010 Oct 31.

Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Henrotin Y, Lambert C, Couchourel D, Ripoll C, Chiotelli E. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011 Jan;19(1):1-21. Epub 2010 Oct 28.

Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clark CE, Arnold E, Lasserson TJ, Wu T. Prim Care Respir J. 2010 Dec;19(4):307-14.

Pycnogenol: a blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications? D'Andrea G. Fitoterapia. 2010 Oct;81(7):724-36. Epub 2010 Jun 20.

Antioxidants and beneficial microvascular effects: is this the remedy? Ferri C, Grassi D. Hypertension. 2010 Jun;55(6):1310-1. Epub 2010 Apr 26.

Nutrient supplementation approaches in the treatment of ADHD. Rucklidge JJ, Johnstone J, Kaplan BJ. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009 Apr;9(4):461-76. Review.

Pycnogenol: a rapidly expanding role in the management of systemic diseases besides dysmenorrhea. Kapoor S. J Reprod Med. 2009 Feb;54(2):117; author reply 117-8.

[Alternative agents used in ADHD]. Hässler F, Dück A, Reis O, Buchmann J. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2009 Jan;37(1):13-24, quiz 24-5.

Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008 Nov;28(6):503-23. Review.

Nutritional and dietary influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sinn N. Nutr Rev. 2008 Oct;66(10):558-68. Review.

Treatment options in myocarditis: what we know from experimental data and how it translates to clinical trials. Matsumori A. Herz. 2007 Sep;32(6):452-6. Review.

The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles. Rona C, Vailati F, Berardesca E. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004 Jan;3(1):26-34.

The treatment of melasma: a review of clinical trials. Gupta AK, Gover MD, Nouri K, Taylor S. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Dec;55(6):1048-65. Epub 2006 Sep 28.

Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies. Williamson G, Manach C. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1 Suppl):243S-255S.

Zinopin--the rationale for its use as a food supplement in Traveller's thrombosis and motion sickness. Scurr JH, Gulati OP. Phytother Res. 2004 Sep;18(9):687-95.

Pharmacological targets of drugs employed in chronic venous and lymphatic insufficiency. Boisseau MR. Int Angiol. 2002 Jun;21(2 Suppl 1):33-9.

Pycnogenol for diabetic retinopathy. A review. Schönlau F, Rohdewald P. Int Ophthalmol. 2001;24(3):161-71.

A review of the French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), a herbal medication with a diverse clinical pharmacology. Rohdewald P. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Apr;40(4):158-68.

From ancient remedies to modern therapeutics: pine bark uses in skin disorders revisited. Rihn B, Saliou C, Bottin MC, Keith G, Packer L. Phytother Res. 2001 Feb;15(1):76-8.

Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Packer L, Rimbach G, Virgili F. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Sep;27(5-6):704-24.

 

Studije

Improvement in cochlear flow with Pycnogenol® in patients with tinnitus: a pilot evaluation. Grossi MG, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Hosoi M, Cacchio M, Ippolito E, Bavera P. Panminerva Med. 2010 Jun;52(2 Suppl 1):63-7.

Kidney function in metabolic syndrome may be improved with Pycnogenol®. Stuard S, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Ricci A, Dugall M, Cornelli U, Gizzi G, Pellegrini L, Rohdewald PJ. Panminerva Med. 2010 Jun;52(2 Suppl 1):27-32.

Investigation of Pycnogenol® in combination with coenzymeQ10 in heart failure patients (NYHA II/III). Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Hosoi M, Ippolito E, Bavera P, Grossi MG. Panminerva Med. 2010 Jun;52(2 Suppl 1):21-5.

Improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and microangiopathy with Pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Vinciguerra G, Ricci A, Ippolito E, Fano F, Dugall M, Cacchio M, Di Renzo A, Hosoi M, Stuard S, Corsi M. Phytomedicine. 2010 Sep;17(11):835-9. Epub 2010 Jun 25.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study to evaluate the potential of pycnogenol for improving allergic rhinitis symptoms. Wilson D, Evans M, Guthrie N, Sharma P, Baisley J, Schonlau F, Burki C. Phytother Res. 2010 Aug;24(8):1115-9.

Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. Ledda A, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Dugall M, Schönlau F. BJU Int. 2010 Oct;106(7):1030-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09213.x. Epub 2010 Feb 22.

Kidney flow and function in hypertension: protective effects of pycnogenol in hypertensive participants--a controlled study. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Stuard S, Schönlau F, Di Renzo A, Grossi MG, Dugall M, Cornelli U, Cacchio M, Gizzi G, Pellegrini L. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Mar;15(1):41-6. Epub 2010 Jan 22.

Pycnogenol treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Errichi B, Di Renzo A, Grossi MG, Ricci A, Dugall M, Cornelli U, Cacchio M, Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2010 Mar;24(3):438-44.

Pycnogenol improves microcirculation, retinal edema, and visual acuity in early diabetic retinopathy. Steigerwalt R, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Di Renzo A, Grossi MG, Ricci A, Dugall M, Cacchio M, Schönlau F. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Dec;25(6):537-40.

Natural polyphenols modify trace element status and improve clinical symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Viktorinova A, Trebaticka J, Paduchova Z, Ursinyova M, Uhnakova I, Masanova V, Durackova Z. Biomed Pharmacother. 2009 Oct 20.

Daily consumption of Reliv Glucaffect for 8 weeks significantly lowered blood glucose and body weight in 50 subjects. Belcaro G, Cesarone M, Silvia E, Ledda A, Stuard S, G V, Dougall M, Cornelli U, Hastings C, Schönlau F. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23(12):1673-7.

Improvement of seminal parameters with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Stanislavov R, Nikolova V, Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3):297-302.

Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation. Zibadi S, Rohdewald PJ, Park D, Watson RR. Nutr Res. 2008 May;28(5):315-20.

Variations in C-reactive protein, plasma free radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis treated with Pycnogenol. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Errichi S, Zulli C, Errichi BM, Vinciguerra G, Ledda A, Di Renzo A, Stuard S, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Gizzi G, Ippolito E, Ricci A, Cacchio M, Cipollone G, Ruffini I, Fano F, Hosoi M, Rohdewald P. Redox Rep. 2008;13(6):271-6.

Pycnogenol may alleviate adverse effects in oncologic treatment. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Genovesi D, Ledda A, Vinciguerra G, Ricci A, Pellegrini L, Gizzi G, Ippolito E, Dugall M, Cacchio M, Di Renzo A, Stuard S. Panminerva Med. 2008 Sep;50(3):227-34.

Jet-lag: prevention with Pycnogenol. Preliminary report: evaluation in healthy individuals and in hypertensive patients. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Steigerwalt RJ, Di Renzo A, Grossi MG, Ricci A, Stuard S, Ledda A, Dugall M, Cornelli U, Cacchio M. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2008 Oct;56(5 Suppl):3-9.

An examination of the effects of the antioxidant Pycnogenol on cognitive performance, serum lipid profile, endocrinological and oxidative stress biomarkers in an elderly population. Ryan J, Croft K, Mori T, Wesnes K, Spong J, Downey L, Kure C, Lloyd J, Stough C. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jul;22(5):553-62.

Effects of Mirtogenol on ocular blood flow and intraocular hypertension in asymptomatic subjects. Steigerwalt RD, Gianni B, Paolo M, Bombardelli E, Burki C, Schönlau F. Mol Vis. 2008 Jul 10;14:1288-92.

Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Cisár P, Jány R, Waczulíková I, Sumegová K, Muchová J, Vojtassák J, Duraćková Z, Lisý M, Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2008 Aug;22(8):1087-92.

French maritime pine bark extract significantly lowers the requirement for analgesic medication in dysmenorrhea: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Suzuki N, Uebaba K, Kohama T, Moniwa N, Kanayama N, Koike K. J Reprod Med. 2008 May;53(5):338-46.

Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study). Evaluation of signs, symptoms, physical performance and vascular aspects. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Errichi S, Zulli C, Errichi BM, Vinciguerra G, Ledda A, Di Renzo A, Stuard S, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Errichi S, Gizzi G, Ippolito E, Ricci A, Cacchio M, Cipollone G, Ruffini I, Fano F, Hosoi M, Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2008 Apr;22(4):518-23.

Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Nishioka K, Hidaka T, Nakamura S, Umemura T, Jitsuiki D, Soga J, Goto C, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M, Higashi Y. Hypertens Res. 2007 Sep;30(9):775-80.

Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Dvoráková M, Jezová D, Blazícek P, Trebatická J, Skodácek I, Suba J, Iveta W, Rohdewald P, Duracková Z. Nutr Neurosci. 2007 Jun-Aug;10(3-4):151-7.

[Sperm parameters in male idiopathic infertility after treatment with prelox]. Nikolova V, Stanislavov R, Vatev I, Nalbanski B, Pŭnevska M. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2007;46(5):7-12. Bulgarian.

Effect of French maritime pine bark extract on endometriosis as compared with leuprorelin acetate. Kohama T, Herai K, Inoue M. J Reprod Med. 2007 Aug;52(8):703-8.

Improvement of erectile function with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Stanislavov R, Nikolova V, Rohdewald P. Int J Impot Res. 2008 Mar-Apr;20(2):173-80. Epub 2007 Aug 16.

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of Pycnogenol on the climacteric syndrome in peri-menopausal women. Yang HM, Liao MF, Zhu SY, Liao MN, Rohdewald P. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(8):978-85.

Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Vinciguerra G, Ricci A, Gizzi G, Ippolito E, Fano F, Dugall M, Acerbi G, Cacchio M, Di Renzo A, Hosoi M, Stuard S, Corsi M. Angiology. 2006 Oct-Nov;57(5):569-76. Erratum in: Angiology. 2008 Jun-Jul;59(3):385.

Improvement of diabetic microangiopathy with pycnogenol: A prospective, controlled study. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Vinciguerra G, Ricci A, Gizzi G, Ippolito E, Fano F, Dugall M, Cipollone G, Acerbi G, Cacchio M, Del Boccio G, Di Renzo A, Stuard S, Corsi M. Angiology. 2006 Aug-Sep;57(4):431-6.

Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sivonová M, Dvoráková M, Zitnanová I, Waczulíková I, Trebatická J, Skodácek I, Duracková Z. Free Radic Res. 2006 Sep;40(9):1003-10.

Control of edema in hypertensive subjects treated with calcium antagonist (nifedipine) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with Pycnogenol. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Ricci A, Cornelli U, Rodhewald P, Ledda A, Di Renzo A, Stuard S, Cacchio M, Vinciguerra G, Gizzi G, Pellegrini L, Dugall M, Fano F. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006 Oct;12(4):440-4.

The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dvoráková M, Sivonová M, Trebatická J, Skodácek I, Waczuliková I, Muchová J, Duracková Z. Redox Rep. 2006;11(4):163-72.

Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with pycnogenol. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Errichi BM, Ledda A, Di Renzo A, Stuard S, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Gizzi G, Rohdewald P, Ippolito E, Ricci A, Cacchio M, Cipollone G, Ruffini I, Fano F, Hosoi M. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006 Jul;12(3):318-23.

Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, Pellegrini L, Ledda A, Vinciguerra G, Ricci A, Gizzi G, Ippolito E, Fano F, Dugall M, Acerbi G, Cacchio M, Di Renzo A, Hosoi M, Stuard S, Corsi M. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006 Apr;12(2):205-12.

Cramps and muscular pain: prevention with pycnogenol in normal subjects, venous patients, athletes, claudicants and in diabetic microangiopathy. Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Rohdewald P, Stuard S, Ricci A, Di Renzo A, Hosoi M, Dugall M, Ledda A, Cacchio M, Acerbi G, Fano F. Angiology. 2006 May-Jun;57(3):331-9.

Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol. Trebatická J, Kopasová S, Hradecná Z, Cinovský K, Skodácek I, Suba J, Muchová J, Zitnanová I, Waczulíková I, Rohdewald P, Duracková Z. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;15(6):329-35. Epub 2006 May 13.

Pycnogenol alleviates pain associated with pregnancy. Kohama T, Inoue M. Phytother Res. 2006 Mar;20(3):232-4.

Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Grimm T, Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sumegová K, Liptáková A, Duracková Z, Högger P. J Inflamm (Lond). 2006 Jan 27;3:1.

Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Schäfer A, Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sumegová K, Liptáková A, Duracková Z, Högger P. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006 Jan;60(1):5-9. Epub 2005 Oct 26.

Venous ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with local use of Pycnogenol. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Errichi BM, Ledda A, Di Renzo A, Stuard S, Dugall M, Pellegrini L, Rohdewald P, Ippolito E, Ricci A, Cacchio M, Ruffini I, Fano F, Hosoi M. Angiology. 2005 Nov-Dec;56(6):699-705.

Prevention of edema in long flights with Pycnogenol. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, Pellegrini L, Ippolito E, Scoccianti M, Ricci A, Dugall M, Cacchio M, Ruffini I, Fano F, Acerbi G, Vinciguerra MG, Bavera P, Di Renzo A, Errichi BM, Mucci F. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2005 Jul;11(3):289-94.

Supplementation with Evelle improves skin smoothness and elasticity in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 62 women. Segger D, Schönlau F. J Dermatolog Treat. 2004 Jul;15(4):222-6.

Pycnogenol as an adjunct in the management of childhood asthma. Lau BH, Riesen SK, Truong KP, Lau EW, Rohdewald P, Barreta RA. J Asthma. 2004;41(8):825-32.

Analgesic efficacy of French maritime pine bark extract in dysmenorrhea: an open clinical trial. Kohama T, Suzuki N, Ohno S, Inoue M. J Reprod Med. 2004 Oct;49(10):828-32.

Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with pycnogenol. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Rohdewald P, Ricci A, Ippolito E, Dugall M, Griffin M, Ruffini I, Acerbi G, Vinciguerra MG, Bavera P, Di Renzo A, Errichi BM, Cerritelli F. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2004 Oct;10(4):373-7.

Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II. Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Würthwein G, Rohdewald P. Life Sci. 2004 Oct 8;75(21):2505-13.

Pycnogenol accelerates wound healing and reduces scar formation. Blazsó G, Gábor M, Schönlau F, Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2004 Jul;18(7):579-81.

French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol dose-dependently lowers glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Liu X, Zhou HJ, Rohdewald P. Diabetes Care. 2004 Mar;27(3):839.

[Effectiveness of Troxerutin in association with Pycnogenol in the pharmacological treatment of venous insufficiency]. Riccioni C, Sarcinella R, Izzo A, Palermo G, Liguori M. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2004 Feb;52(1):43-8.

Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Würthwein G, Rohdewald P. Life Sci. 2004 Jan 2;74(7):855-62.

The role of food supplements in the treatment of the infertile man. Comhaire FH, Mahmoud A. Reprod Biomed Online. 2003 Oct-Nov;7(4):385-91.

Prevention of venous thrombosis in long-haul flights with Flite Tabs: the LONFLIT-FLITE randomized, controlled trial. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Ricci A, Geroulakos G, Ippolito E, Brandolini R, Vinciguerra G, Dugall M, Griffin M, Ruffini I, Acerbi G, Corsi M, Riordan NH, Stuard S, Bavera P, Di Renzo A, Kenyon J, Errichi BM. Angiology. 2003 Sep-Oct;54(5):531-9.

Treatment of erectile dysfunction with pycnogenol and L-arginine. Stanislavov R, Nikolova V. J Sex Marital Ther. 2003 May-Jun;29(3):207-13.

Pycnogenol((R)) in the Management of Asthma. Hosseini S, Pishnamazi S, Sadrzadeh SM, Farid F, Farid R, Watson RR. J Med Food. 2001 Winter;4(4):201-209.

Supplementation with a pine bark extract rich in polyphenols increases plasma antioxidant capacity and alters the plasma lipoprotein profile. Devaraj S, Vega-López S, Kaul N, Schönlau F, Rohdewald P, Jialal I. Lipids. 2002 Oct;37(10):931-4.

Improvement in sperm quality and function with French maritime pine tree bark extract. Roseff SJ. J Reprod Med. 2002 Oct;47(10):821-4.

Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Ni Z, Mu Y, Gulati O. Phytother Res. 2002 Sep;16(6):567-71.

PYCNOGENOL chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation. Kimbrough C, Chun M, dela Roca G, Lau BH. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jul;9(5):410-3.

An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol and methylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Tenenbaum S, Paull JC, Sparrow EP, Dodd DK, Green L. J Atten Disord. 2002 Sep;6(2):49-60.

Comparative study of Venostasin and Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Koch R. Phytother Res. 2002 Mar;16 Suppl 1:S1-5.

Pycnogenol efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Stefanescu M, Matache C, Onu A, Tanaseanu S, Dragomir C, Constantinescu I, Schönlau F, Rohdewald P, Szegli G. Phytother Res. 2001 Dec;15(8):698-704.

Treatment of vascular retinopathies with Pycnogenol. Spadea L, Balestrazzi E. Phytother Res. 2001 May;15(3):219-23.

PYCNOGENOL in chronic venous insufficiency. Petrassi C, Mastromarino A, Spartera C. Phytomedicine. 2000 Oct;7(5):383-8.

Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Arcangeli P. Fitoterapia. 2000 Jun;71(3):236-44.

 

Farmakokinetika/formulacije

Stability of Pycnogenol® as an ingredient in fruit juices subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Frontela C, Ros G, Martínez C, Sánchez-Siles LM, Canali R, Virgili F. J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Jan 30;91(2):286-92.

[Mouthwash solutions with microencapsuled natural extracts: Efficiency for dental plaque and gingivitis]. Vervelle A, Mouhyi J, Del Corso M, Hippolyte MP, Sammartino G, Dohan Ehrenfest DM. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2010 Jun;111(3):148-51. Epub 2010 Jun 4.

Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers. Grimm T, Skrabala R, Chovanová Z, Muchová J, Sumegová K, Liptáková A, Duracková Z, Högger P. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Aug 3;6:4.

Ferulic acid excretion as a marker of consumption of a French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) bark extract. Virgili F, Pagana G, Bourne L, Rimbach G, Natella F, Rice-Evans C, Packer L. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Apr 15;28(8):1249-56.

 

PREDKLINIČKE STUDIJE

Impact of plant extracts tested in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment on cell survival and energy metabolism in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Schmidt AJ, Krieg JC, Hemmeter UM, Kircher T, Schulz E, Clement HW, Heiser P. Phytother Res. 2010 Oct;24(10):1549-53.

Reduction of myeloperoxidase activity by melatonin and pycnogenol may contribute to their blood pressure lowering effect. van der Zwan LP, Scheffer PG, Teerlink T. Hypertension. 2010 Sep;56(3):e34; author reply e35. Epub 2010 Aug 9.

The Antioxidant and Antigenotoxic Effects of Pycnogenol((R)) on Rats Treated With Cisplatin. Aydin B, Unsal M, Sekeroglu ZA, Gülbahar Y. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Jul 30.

Effect of pycnogenol on glucose transport in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lee HH, Kim KJ, Lee OH, Lee BY. Phytother Res. 2010 Aug;24(8):1242-9.

Amelioration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced behavioural dysfunction and oxidative stress by Pycnogenol in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Khan MM, Hoda MN, Ishrat T, Ahmad A, Khan MB, Khuwaja G, Raza SS, Safhi MM, Islam F. Behav Pharmacol. 2010 Sep;21(5-6):563-71.

[Mouthwash solutions containing microencapsuled natural extracts: In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties (dental plaque and gingivitis)]. Mouhyi J, Del Corso M, Hippolyte MP, Sammartino G, Dohan Ehrenfest DM. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2010 Jun;111(3):140-3. Epub 2010 Jun 4.

Protective effects of Pycnogenol on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Parveen K, Khan MR, Mujeeb M, Siddiqui WA. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jul 30;186(2):219-27. Epub 2010 Apr 28.

Effects of melatonin and Pycnogenol on small artery structure and function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Rezzani R, Porteri E, De Ciuceis C, Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Paiardi S, Boari GE, Platto C, Pilu A, Avanzi D, Rizzoni D, Agabiti Rosei E. Hypertension. 2010 Jun;55(6):1373-80. Epub 2010 Apr 26.

Pycnogenol improves left ventricular function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Klimas J, Kmecova J, Jankyova S, Yaghi D, Priesolova E, Kyselova Z, Musil P, Ochodnicky P, Krenek P, Kyselovic J, Matyas S. Phytother Res. 2010 Jul;24(7):969-74.

Protective effects of pycnogenol against ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative renal injury in rats. Ozer Sehirli A, Sener G, Ercan F. Ren Fail. 2009;31(8):690-7.

Pycnogenol prevents potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Parveen K, Khan MR, Siddiqui WA. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Oct 30;181(3):343-50. Epub 2009 Aug 7.

Effects of Pycnogenol and vitamin E on cognitive deficits and oxidative damage induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats. Ishrat T, Parveen K, Hoda MN, Khan MB, Yousuf S, Ansari MA, Saleem S, Islam F. Behav Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;20(7):567-75.

Effects of Pinus brutia bark extract and Pycnogenol in a rat model of carrageenan induced inflammation. Ince I, Yesil-Celiktas O, Karabay-Yavasoglu NU, Elgin G. Phytomedicine. 2009 Dec;16(12):1101-4. Epub 2009 Jul 3.

The anti-inflammatory pharmacology of Pycnogenol in humans involves COX-2 and 5-LOX mRNA expression in leukocytes. Canali R, Comitato R, Schonlau F, Virgili F. Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Sep;9(10):1145-9. Epub 2009 Jun 7.

Pycnogenol inhibits immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic response in mast cells. Choi YH, Yan GH. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23(12):1691-5.

Oleic acid-induced ADRP expression requires both AP-1 and PPAR response elements, and is reduced by Pycnogenol through mRNA degradation in NMuLi liver cells. Fan B, Ikuyama S, Gu JQ, Wei P, Oyama J, Inoguchi T, Nishimura J. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;297(1):E112-23. Epub 2009 Apr 21.

Pycnogenol efficiency on glycaemia, motor nerve conduction velocity and markers of oxidative stress in mild type diabetes in rats. Jankyova S, Kucera P, Goldenberg Z, Yaghi D, Navarova J, Kyselova Z, Stolc S, Klimas J, Racanska E, Matyas S. Phytother Res. 2009 Aug;23(8):1169-74.

Improved effect of Pycnogenol on impaired spatial memory function in partial androgen deficiency rat model. Hasegawa N, Mochizuki M. Phytother Res. 2009 Jun;23(6):840-3.

Effects of the antioxidant Pycnogenol on cellular redox systems in U1285 human lung carcinoma cells. Gandin V, Nyström C, Rundlöf AK, Jönsson-Videsäter K, Schönlau F, Hörkkö J, Björnstedt M, Fernandes AP. FEBS J. 2009 Jan;276(2):532-40. Epub 2008 Dec 10.

Pycnogenol, an extract from French maritime pine, suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of adipose differentiation-related protein in macrophages. Gu JQ, Ikuyama S, Wei P, Fan B, Oyama J, Inoguchi T, Nishimura J. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;295(6):E1390-400. Epub 2008 Oct 14.

Techniques for quantifying effects of dietary antioxidants on transcription factor translocation and nitric oxide production in cultured cells. Ewins BA, Vassiliadou M, Minihane AM, Rimbach GH, Weinberg PD. Genes Nutr. 2006 Jun;1(2):125-31.

Protective effect of Pycnogenol in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells following acrolein-induced cytotoxicity. Ansari MA, Keller JN, Scheff SW. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Dec 1;45(11):1510-9. Epub 2008 Sep 9

Effect of flavonoids on daunorubicin-induced toxicity in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts. Mojzisová G, Sarisský M, Mirossay L, Martinka P, Mojzis J. Phytother Res. 2009 Jan;23(1):136-9.

Pycnogenol, a procyanidin-rich extract from French maritime pine, inhibits intracellular replication of HIV-1 as well as its binding to host cells. Feng WY, Tanaka R, Inagaki Y, Saitoh Y, Chang MO, Amet T, Yamamoto N, Yamaoka S, Yoshinaka Y. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;61(4):279-85.

The anti-melanogenic effect of pycnogenol by its anti-oxidative actions. Kim YJ, Kang KS, Yokozawa T. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jul;46(7):2466-71. Epub 2008 Apr 11.

In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori growth and adherence to gastric mucosal cells by Pycnogenol. Rohdewald P, Beil W. Phytother Res. 2008 May;22(5):685-8.

Antimutagenic in vitro activity of plant polyphenols: Pycnogenol and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Krizková L, Chovanová Z, Duracková Z, Krajcovic J. Phytother Res. 2008 Mar;22(3):384-8.

Extracellular matrix-mediated control of aortic smooth muscle cell growth and migration by a combination of ascorbic acid, lysine, proline, and catechins. Ivanov V, Ivanova S, Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007 Nov;50(5):541-7.

French maritime pine bark extract inhibits viral replication and prevents development of viral myocarditis. Matsumori A, Higuchi H, Shimada M. J Card Fail. 2007 Nov;13(9):785-91.

Proteomic analysis of pycnogenol effects in RAW 264.7 macrophage reveals induction of cathepsin D expression and enhancement of phagocytosis. Wu TF, Hsu CY, Huang HS, Chou SP, Wu H. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Nov 28;55(24):9784-91. Epub 2007 Oct26

Protective effects of Pycnogenol on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Yang YS, Ahn TH, Lee JC, Moon CJ, Kim SH, Jun W, Park SC, Kim HC, Kim JC. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jan;46(1):380-7. Epub 2007 Aug 21.

Ameliorative effects of pycnogenol on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats. Ahn TH, Yang YS, Lee JC, Moon CJ, Kim SH, Jun W, Park SC, Kim JC. Phytother Res. 2007 Nov;21(11):1015-9.

Anti-wrinkling effects of the mixture of vitamin C, vitamin E, pycnogenol and evening primrose oil, and molecular mechanisms on hairless mouse skin caused by chronic ultraviolet B irradiation. Cho HS, Lee MH, Lee JW, No KO, Park SK, Lee HS, Kang S, Cho WG, Park HJ, Oh KW, Hong JT. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007 Oct;23(5):155-62.

French maritime pine bark extract Pycnogenol reduces thromboxane generation in blood from diabetic male rats. Nocun M, Ulicna O, Muchova J, Durackova Z, Watala C. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008 Mar;62(3):168-72. Epub 2007 Jul 30.

Impact of Pycnogenol on cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling induced by L-NAME administration to old mice. Zibadi S, Yu Q, Rohdewald PJ, Larson DF, Watson RR. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2007;7(1):10-8.

Pycnogenol reduces talc-induced neoplastic transformation in human ovarian cell cultures. Buz'Zard AR, Lau BH. Phytother Res. 2007 Jun;21(6):579-86.

The combined effect of pycnogenol with ascorbic acid and trolox on the oxidation of lipids and proteins. Sivonová M, Zitnanová I, Horáková L, Strosová M, Muchová J, Balgavý P, Dobrota D, Duracková Z. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2006 Dec;25(4):379-96.

Effect of some antioxidants on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity from rabbit skeletal muscle. Strosová M, Karlovská J, Galbavý P, Horáková L. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006 Dec;27 Suppl 2:164-7.

Oligomeric procyanidins of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) effectively inhibit alpha-glucosidase. Schäfer A, Högger P. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Jul;77(1):41-6. Epub 2006 Nov 13.

Pycnogenol increases the probability of the contraction state in chick embryonic cardiomyocytes, indicating inotropic effects. Hasegawa N, Kinoshita H, Mochizuki M. Phytother Res. 2007 Feb;21(2):181-2.

Oxidant/antioxidant interactions of nicotine, Coenzyme Q10, Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens in oral periosteal fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblasts. Figuero E, Soory M, Cerero R, Bascones A. Steroids. 2006 Dec;71(13-14):1062-72. Epub 2006 Oct 11.

Ferritin oxidation and proteasomal degradation: protection by antioxidants. Voss P, Horakova L, Jakstadt M, Kiekebusch D, Grune T. Free Radic Res. 2006 Jul;40(7):673-83.

Pycnogenol protects against Ionizing radiation as shown in the intestinal mucosa of rats exposed to X-rays. de Moraes Ramos FM, Schönlau F, Novaes PD, Manzi FR, Bóscolo FN, de Almeida SM. Phytother Res. 2006 Aug;20(8):676-9.

Effects of low-carbohydrate diet and Pycnogenol treatment on retinal antioxidant enzymes in normal and diabetic rats. Kamuren ZT, McPeek CG, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Feb;22(1):10-8.

Protective effect of selected flavonoids on in vitro daunorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Mojzisová G, Mirossay L, Kucerová D, Kyselovic J, Mirossay A, Mojzis J. Phytother Res. 2006 Feb;20(2):110-4.

Antimicrobial activity of Pycnogenol. Torras MA, Faura CA, Schönlau F, Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2005 Jul;19(7):647-8.

Pycnogenol protects DNA against oxidative damage in vivo. Rohdewald P. Phytother Res. 2005 Mar;19(3):262.

Pycnogenol induces differentiation and apoptosis in human promyeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Huang WW, Yang JS, Lin CF, Ho WJ, Lee MR. Leuk Res. 2005 Jun;29(6):685-92. Epub 2005 Jan 19.

Pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis in 3t3-L1 cells via stimulation of beta-receptor mediated activity. Mochizuki M, Hasegawa N. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):1029-30.

Therapeutic efficacy of pycnogenol in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Mochizuki M, Hasegawa N. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):1027-8.

Effects of antioxidant treatment on normal and diabetic rat retinal enzyme activities. Dene BA, Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Feb;21(1):28-35.

Influence of treatment of diabetic rats with combinations of pycnogenol, beta-carotene, and alpha-lipoic acid on parameters of oxidative stress. Berryman AM, Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2004;18(6):345-52.

Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation, and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. Nelson AB, Lau BH, Ide N, Rong Y. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1998 Feb;24(2):139-44.

The effects of Pycnogenol on DNA damage in vitro and expression of superoxide dismutase and HP1 in Escherichia coli SOD and catalase deficient mutant cells. Kim YG, Park HY. Phytother Res. 2004 Nov;18(11):900-5.

Protective mechanisms of pycnogenol in ethanol-insulted cerebellar granule cells. Siler-Marsiglio KI, Paiva M, Madorsky I, Serrano Y, Neeley A, Heaton MB. J Neurobiol. 2004 Nov;61(2):267-76.

The effect of Pycnogenol on the erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Sivonová M, Waczulíková I, Kilanczyk E, Hrnciarová M, Bryszewska M, Klajnert B, Duracková Z. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2004 Mar;23(1):39-51.

Pycnogenol and vitamin E inhibit ethanol-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells. Siler-Marsiglio KI, Shaw G, Heaton MB. J Neurobiol. 2004 Jun;59(3):261-71.

The effect of Pycnogenol on fluoride induced rat kidney lysosomal damage in vitro. Arhima MH, Gulati OP, Sharma SC. Phytother Res. 2004 Mar;18(3):244-6.

Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol. Sime S, Reeve VE. Photochem Photobiol. 2004 Feb;79(2):193-8.

Antioxidant activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by metabolites of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol). Grimm T, Schäfer A, Högger P. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Mar 15;36(6):811-22.

Pycnogenol in cigarette filters scavenges free radicals and reduces mutagenicity and toxicity of tobacco smoke in vivo. Zhang D, Tao Y, Gao J, Zhang C, Wan S, Chen Y, Huang X, Sun X, Duan S, Schönlau F, Rohdewald P, Zhao B. Toxicol Ind Health. 2002 Jun;18(5):215-24.

Pycnogenol prevents haemolytic injury in G6PD deficient human erythrocytes. Sharma SC, Sharma S, Gulati OP. Phytother Res. 2003 Jun;17(6):671-4.

Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Maritim A, Dene BA, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(3):193-9.

Reduction of inclusion body pathology in ApoE-deficient mice fed a combination of antioxidants. Veurink G, Liu D, Taddei K, Perry G, Smith MA, Robertson TA, Hone E, Groth DM, Atwood CS, Martins RN. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Apr 15;34(8):1070-7.

Pycnogenol inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. Sharma SC, Sharma S, Gulati OP. Phytother Res. 2003 Jan;17(1):66-9.

Standardized extracts of flavonoids increase the viability of PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide: effects on oxidative injury. Horáková L, Licht A, Sandig G, Jakstadt M, Duracková Z, Grune T. Arch Toxicol. 2003 Jan;77(1):22-9. Epub 2002 Oct 16.

Effect of PYCNOGENOL on the toxicity of heart, bone marrow and immune organs as induced by antitumor drugs. Feng WH, Wei HL, Liu GT. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jul;9(5):414-8.

Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Buz'Zard AR, Peng Q, Lau BH. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2002 Feb;12(1):34-40.

Pycnogenol protects neurons from amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis. Peng QL, Buz'Zard AR, Lau BH. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2002 Jul 15;104(1):55-65.

Inhibition mechanisms of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Cho KJ, Yun CH, Packer L, Chung AS. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Apr;928:141-56.

Effects of pine bark extract administered to immunosuppressed adult mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Kim HC, Healey JM. Am J Chin Med. 2001;29(3-4):469-75.

Pine bark extract pycnogenol downregulates IFN-gamma-induced adhesion of T cells to human keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. Bito T, Roy S, Sen CK, Packer L. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jan 15;28(2):219-27.

Solar ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin and nuclear factor-kappa-B-dependent gene expression in keratinocytes are modulated by a French maritime pine bark extract. Saliou C, Rimbach G, Moini H, McLaughlin L, Hosseini S, Lee J, Watson RR, Packer L. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Jan 15;30(2):154-60.

Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7. Cho KJ, Yun CH, Yoon DY, Cho YS, Rimbach G, Packer L, Chung AS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Oct 1;168(1):64-71.

Inhibition of lipogenesis by pycnogenol. Hasegawa N. Phytother Res. 2000 Sep;14(6):472-3.

Selective induction of apoptosis in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by pycnogenol. Huynh HT, Teel RW. Anticancer Res. 2000 Jul-Aug;20(4):2417-20.

Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Peng Q, Wei Z, Lau BH. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000 May;57(5):834-41.

Pine bark extract reduces platelet aggregation. Araghi-Niknam M, Hosseini S, Larson D, Rohdewald P, Watson RR. Integr Med. 2000 Mar 21;2(2):73-77.

Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from beta-amyloid-induced injury. Liu F, Lau BH, Peng Q, Shah V. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Jun;23(6):735-7.

Antioxidants and herbal extracts protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Kobayashi MS, Han D, Packer L. Free Radic Res. 2000 Feb;32(2):115-24.

Activity of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric flavonoids on NO production, TNF-alpha secretion, and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Park YC, Rimbach G, Saliou C, Valacchi G, Packer L. FEBS Lett. 2000 Jan 14;465(2-3):93-7.

Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol. Pütter M, Grotemeyer KH, Würthwein G, Araghi-Niknam M, Watson RR, Hosseini S, Rohdewald P. Thromb Res. 1999 Aug 15;95(4):155-61.

Effects of intragastrically administered Pycnogenol on NNK metabolism in F344 rats. Huynh HT, Teel RW. Anticancer Res. 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):2095-9.

Pycnogenol enhances immune and haemopoietic functions in senescence-accelerated mice. Liu FJ, Zhang YX, Lau BH. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998 Oct;54(10):1168-72.

Preventive effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in the mammalian eye. Ueda T, Ueda T, Armstrong D. Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28(3):184-92.

Effect of flavonoids on the outcome of myocardial mitochondrial ischemia/reperfusion injury. van Jaarsveld H, Kuyl JM, Schulenburg DH, Wiid NM. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1996 Jan;91(1):65-75.

Immunomodulation by pycnogenol in retrovirus-infected or ethanol-fed mice. Cheshier JE, Ardestani-Kaboudanian S, Liang B, Araghiniknam M, Chung S, Lane L, Castro A, Watson RR. Life Sci. 1996;58(5):PL 87-96.

Pycnogenol protects vascular endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. Rong Y, Li L, Shah V, Lau BH. Biotechnol Ther. 1994-1995;5(3-4):117-26.

 

INTERAKCIJE I TOKSIKOLOGIJA

Does pycnogenol intensify the efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid in the inhibition of platelet function? In vitro experience. Golański J, Muchova J, Golański R, Durackova Z, Markuszewski L, Watała C. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2006;60:316-21.

Pycnogenol does not impact the antioxidant or vitamin C status of healthy young adults. Silliman K, Parry J, Kirk LL, Prior RL. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Jan;103(1):67-72.