Čičak

Arctium lappa L. (=A. majus Bernh.), Asteraceae

engl. burdock; fr. grande bardane, grateron; njem. Klettenwurzel, Klettendiestelwurzel, Kleberwurzel, Klissenwurzel, Haarwuchswurzel, Roβklettenwurz

BOTANIČKI PODACI

Čičak je dvogodišnja biljka visoka do 150 cm. Korijen je velik, sočan, razgranjen i do 60 cm dug. Listovi su vrlo veliki, s peteljkama, srcasti ili jajasti, s donje strane sivobijeli i pustenasto dlakavi, narovašeno-nazubljenih rubova. Prema vrhu stabljike listovi se smanjuju. Cvjetne glavice su združene u rahli grozdasti ili metličasti cvat, a nalaze se na kratkim stapkama. Vanjski ovojni listovi cvjetne glavice na vrhu nose kukice (takva glavica rasprostranjuje se kao cjelina i obično se naziva "čičak"). U sredini glavice nalaze se purpurnoljubičasti cjevasti cvjetovi. Samonikao je u Europi, a unesen je u Aziju i Sjevernu Ameriku.

OFICINALNI DIJELOVI BILJKE

Ljekovit je korijen biljke. U tradicionalnoj se medicini koristio i list, a novija ispitivanja koriste i ekstrakte sjemenki.

KEMIJSKI SASTAV (AKTIVNE TVARI)

Oko 70% ugljikohidrata, od kojih 27-45% inulina te sluzi ksiloglukana i gorkih ksilana. Korijen sadrži i eterično ulje (0,06-0,18%) neobičnog sastava (fenil-acetaldehid, benzaldehid, 2-alkil-3-metoksipirazin i 2-metoksi-3-metilpirazin). Sadrži alifatske i cikličke poliene i poliine, preko 40 spojeva. Glavni su trideka-1,11-dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain, te sumporni spojevi poput aretične kiseline, arktinon, arktinal. Gorki okus daju gvajanolidi (dehidrokostuslakton i 11,13-dihidrodehidrokostuslakton). Polifenola ima 1,9-3,65%, uglavnom klorogenična i izo-klorogenična kiselina. Sadrži i triterpene i sterole.

U plodovima nalaze se lignani tipa butirolaktona (arktigenin, arktiin). Oni se ne nalaze u korijenu.

INDIKACIJE/DJELOVANJE

ESCOP: ne navodi.

Komisija E: tradicionalna upotreba kod tegoba probavnog sustava,  diuretik, reumatske tegobe, psorijaza, akne. Zbog manjka potvrde djelotvornosti, komisija E čičak navodi pod sekcijom "unapproved herbs".

Upotreba u fitoterapiji: akne, masna koža, seboroični dermatitis, psorijaza, urogenitalne infekcije izazvane Gram+ mikroorganizmima (rodovi Strepotococcus i Staphylococcus), oksalatna urolitijaza.

TIPOVI EKSTRAKATA

Dekokt, tinktura (1:5 30vol% etanol w/v), SIPF, suhi standardizirani ekstrakti (najčešće standardizirani na inulin).

Uljni macerat korijena čička u biljnom ulju suncokreta, masline i sličnih ulja.

POSOLOGIJA

Doza: 2,5-5g droge, dekokt 10-15 minuta/300mL vode. Uzimaju se 2-3 doze u intervalu od pola sata prije obroka.

SIPF: 5mL u 1-1,5 dcl vode, u intervalu pola sata prije obroka, 2-3x dnevno.

KONTRAINDIKACIJE

Bilijarna opstrukcija.

INTERAKCIJE S LIJEKOVIMA

Nepoznate.

osobna iskustvena praksa

Čičak je tipična tradicionalna biljka gdje postoji veliki raskorak u korištenju, širini indikacija te obimu kliničkih istraživanja. Tradicionalna fitoterapija Istoka i Zapada snažno naglašava njegovo korištenje kod raznih dermatoloških bolesti, ali vrlo je malo kliničkih ispitivanja provedeno u tom pravcu. Rekao bih - prava šteta, kao što je šteta što niti ESCOP niti komisija E znatnije ne podržavaju opravdanost njegove primjene. Korijen čička je nezamjenjiv u liječenju akni i masne kože, seboroičnog dermatitisa, atopijskog dermatitisa, ali i drugih bolesti poput lihena i raznih oblika psorijaze. Kod tih indikacija ga najčešće sugeriram u kombinaciji s uljima crnog kima, noćurka ili boražine, premda će odabir ovisiti i o drugim individualnim faktorima. Redovita je i pojava tranzijentnih pogoršanja simptoma, uz naknadni efekt poboljšanja. Čak i kod ljudi koji ga uzimaju preventivno, zna doći do kožnih erupcija (akne, lokalizirani eritemi), premda to nije apsolutno pravilo. I to ne valja brkati s alergijskim ili neželjenim reakcijama, premda treba imati na umu i takvu mogućnost.

Akne koje su etiološki posljedica hormonalnih disbalansa (PCOS) obično se tretiraju biljkama ili lijekovima koji djeluju na hormone (u fitoterapiji najčešće kadulja, muškatna kadulja, anis, boražina, konopljika). No, i tu je čičak gotovo obavezan i neophodan za razrješivanje stanja.

Osim od svojih francuskih učitelja, nisam primijetio da se ozbiljnije spominje kod urogenitalnih infekcija izazvanih rodovima Streptococcus i Staphylococcus. A praksa mi definitivno potvrđuje opravdanost ove primjene, gdje je djelotvorniji i od klasičnih uroantiseptika kao što je medvjetka. Za to ga najčešće sugeriram s oleokapsulama eteričnog ulja mravinca (150-200mg/dozi/3x dnevno).

Čičak je uz artičoku klasična biljka "čišćenja" jetre i žuči, pa su njegove indikacije i hiperkolesterolemija. Njegova prednost je i bogatstvo inulina, pa kao i kao maslačka, treba imati na umu pozitivan prebiotički učinak.

U praksi najčešće propisujem dva pripravka, dekokt korijena i SIPF pripravak. Koristi se u kurama, ali je moguće koristiti ga i duže vrijeme. Neki uporni pacijenti znali su ga koristiti i kroz više mjeseci. Glavni nedostatak dekokta čička je njegov okus, koji nekim ljudima jednostavno nije podnošljiv. On nije posebno gorak, ali je karakterističnog okusa. U tom slučaju, SIPF ili tinktura svježe biljke dobar su odabir prihvatljivijeg okusa.

Čičak je i biljka koja se tradicionalno koristila izvana, kod "čireva", no u praksi se pokazalo da djeluje dobro za ispiranje vlasišta kod seboroičnog dermatitisa.

Drago mi je da je nakon dugog zaborava, zahvaljujući i mojem radu, ali i radu mojih suradnika, čičak ponovo dobio na važnosti i našao svoje mjesto u modernoj fitoterapiji.

REFERENCE

KLINIČKA ISTRAŽIVANJA/REVIEW

A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, Lee SM, Leung GP, Yu PH, Chan SW. Inflammopharmacology. 2010 Oct 28.

Metabolic profile of the bioactive compounds of burdock (Arctium lappa) seeds, roots and leaves. Ferracane R, Graziani G, Gallo M, Fogliano V, Ritieni A. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Jan 20;51(2):399-404. Epub 2009 Mar 25.

Natural Arctium lappa fruit extract improves the clinical signs of aging skin. Knott A, Reuschlein K, Mielke H, Wensorra U, Mummert C, Koop U, Kausch M, Kolbe L, Peters N, Stäb F, Wenck H, Gallinat S. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008 Dec;7(4):281-9.

[Betamethasone and aqueous extract of Arctium lappa for treating angiostrongyliasis]. Fante CA, Dieterish S, Rodriguez R. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2008 Nov-Dec;41(6):654-7.

[Experiment study of tongfu huoxue decoction in the treatment of intracelebral hemorrhage]. Liu H, Zhang GP, Bie XD, Wan HT, Fan SY, Du YG. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006 Mar;31(6):507-9.

In vitro fermentation properties of selected fructooligosaccharide-containing vegetables and in vivo colonic microbial populations are affected by the diets of healthy human infants. Flickinger EA, Hatch TF, Wofford RC, Grieshop CM, Murray SM, Fahey GC Jr. J Nutr. 2002 Aug;132(8):2188-94.

Urolithiasis and phytotherapy. Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauzá A, Prieto R, March JG. Int Urol Nephrol. 1994;26(5):507-11.

PREDKLINIČKA ISTRAŽIVANJA

Arctigenin Isolated from the Seeds of Arctium lappa Ameliorates Memory Deficits in Mice. Lee IA, Joh EH, Kim DH. Planta Med. 2011 Feb 9.

Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of Butanol Extract from Arctium lappa L. Sohn EH, Jang SA, Joo H, Park S, Kang SC, Lee CH, Kim SY. Clin Mol Allergy. 2011 Feb 8;9(1):4.

Effect of Arctium lappa L. in the dextran sulfate sodium colitis mouse model. Huang TC, Tsai SS, Liu LF, Liu YL, Liu HJ, Chuang KP. World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep 7;16(33):4193-9.

Screening of dried plant seed extracts for adiponectin production activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitory activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Okada Y, Okada M, Sagesaka Y. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Sep;65(3):225-32.

Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of the fractions from burdock leaves. Lou Z, Wang H, Li J, Chen S, Zhu S, Ma C, Wang Z. J Food Sci. 2010 Jun;75(5):C413-9.

Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza A virus. Hayashi K, Narutaki K, Nagaoka Y, Hayashi T, Uesato S. Biol Pharm Bull. 2010;33(7):1199-205.

Ameliorative effects of arctiin from Arctium lappa on experimental glomerulonephritis in rats. Wu JG, Wu JZ, Sun LN, Han T, Du J, Ye Q, Zhang H, Zhang YG. Phytomedicine. 2009 Nov;16(11):1033-41. Epub 2009 Jun 12.

In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway. Zhao F, Wang L, Liu K. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Apr 21;122(3):457-62. Epub 2009 Feb 20.

Inhibitory effect of total lignan from Fructus Arctii on aldose reductase. Xu Z, Yang H, Zhou M, Feng Y, Jia W. Phytother Res. 2010 Mar;24(3):472-3.

[The anti-tumour effect of Wuxing soup and its mechanism in inducing apoptosis of tumour cells mediated by calcium]. Mo F, Hu JY, Gan Y, Zhao YX, Zhao XT. Zhong Yao Cai. 2008 Sep;31(9):1368-72. Chinese.

[Effect of Astragalus and Arctium in different combinations on reactive oxygen species content and nuclear transcription factor kappaB expression in renal tissue of streptozotocin rats]. Wang WW, Chen YP. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2008 Oct;28(10):917-20.

[Induction of apoptosis of the human leukemia cells by arctigenin and its mechanism of action]. Wang L, Zhao F, Liu K. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2008 May;43(5):542-7.

In vitro and in vivo anti-allergic effects of Arctium lappa L. Knipping K, van Esch EC, Wijering SC, van der Heide S, Dubois AE, Garssen J. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Nov;233(11):1469-77.

Diarctigenin, a lignan constituent from Arctium lappa, down-regulated zymosan-induced transcription of inflammatory genes through suppression of DNA binding ability of nuclear factor-kappaB in macrophages. Kim BH, Hong SS, Kwon SW, Lee HY, Sung H, Lee IJ, Hwang BY, Song S, Lee CK, Chung D, Ahn B, Nam SY, Han SB, Kim Y. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):393-401. Epub 2008 Aug 11.

Gastroprotective activity of the chloroform extract of the roots from Arctium lappa L. Dos Santos AC, Baggio CH, Freitas CS, Lepieszynski J, Mayer B, Twardowschy A, Missau FC, dos Santos EP, Pizzolatti MG, Marques MC. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Jun;60(6):795-801.

Arctiin induces cell growth inhibition through the down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression. Matsuzaki Y, Koyama M, Hitomi T, Yokota T, Kawanaka M, Nishikawa A, Germain D, Sakai T. Oncol Rep. 2008 Mar;19(3):721-7.

Prebiotic effectiveness of inulin extracted from edible burdock. Li D, Kim JM, Jin Z, Zhou J. Anaerobe. 2008 Feb;14(1):29-34. Epub 2007 Nov 26.

The antidiabetic activity of total lignan from Fructus Arctii against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice and rats. Xu Z, Wang X, Zhou M, Ma L, Deng Y, Zhang H, Zhao A, Zhang Y, Jia W. Phytother Res. 2008 Jan;22(1):97-101.

Lignans from Arctium lappa and their inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production. Park SY, Hong SS, Han XH, Hwang JS, Lee D, Ro JS, Hwang BY. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2007 Jan;55(1):150-2.

Arctigenin from Fructus Arctii is a novel suppressor of heat shock response in mammalian cells. Ishihara K, Yamagishi N, Saito Y, Takasaki M, Konoshima T, Hatayama T. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2006 Summer;11(2):154-61.

Antioxidant activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides. Kardosová A, Machová E. Fitoterapia. 2006 Jul;77(5):367-73. Epub 2006 May 24.

Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of butyrolactone lignans from Arctium lappa on leukemic cells. Matsumoto T, Hosono-Nishiyama K, Yamada H. Planta Med. 2006 Feb;72(3):276-8.

In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Arctium lappa as a phytotherapeutic agent used in intracanal dressings. Gentil M, Pereira JV, Sousa YT, Pietro R, Neto MD, Vansan LP, de Castro França S. Phytother Res. 2006 Mar;20(3):184-6.

[Effect of anti-influenza virus of Arctigenin in vivo]. Yang Z, Liu N, Huang B, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhu Y. Zhong Yao Cai. 2005 Nov;28(11):1012-4.

Identification of arctigenin as an antitumor agent having the ability to eliminate the tolerance of cancer cells to nutrient starvation. Awale S, Lu J, Kalauni SK, Kurashima Y, Tezuka Y, Kadota S, Esumi H. Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;66(3):1751-7.

An experimental research into the anti-aging effects of Radix Arctii Lappae. Liu S, Li Y, Li S, Luo M, Liu X. J Tradit Chin Med. 2005 Dec;25(4):296-9.

Antimicrobial activity of Arctium lappa constituents against microorganisms commonly found in endodontic infections. Pereira JV, Bergamo DC, Pereira JO, França Sde C, Pietro RC, Silva-Sousa YT. Braz Dent J. 2005;16(3):192-6. Epub 2006 Jan 12.

Lack of significant modifying effect of arctiin on prostate carcinogenesis in probasin/SV40 T antigen transgenic rats. Zeng Y, Yokohira M, Takeuchi H, Saoo K, Yamakawa K, Matsuda Y, Hosokawa K, Li JQ, Ikeda M, Imaida K. Cancer Lett. 2005 May 26;222(2):145-51.

Arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, inhibits MAP kinases and AP-1 activation via potent MKK inhibition: the role in TNF-alpha inhibition. Cho MK, Jang YP, Kim YC, Kim SG. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004 Oct;4(10-11):1419-29.

Transformation of arctiin to estrogenic and antiestrogenic substances by human intestinal bacteria. Xie LH, Ahn EM, Akao T, Abdel-Hafez AA, Nakamura N, Hattori M. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Apr;51(4):378-84.

Anti-acne effects of Oriental herb extracts: a novel screening method to select anti-acne agents. Nam C, Kim S, Sim Y, Chang I. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2003 Mar-Apr;16(2):84-90.

Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa Linne on liver injuries induced by chronic ethanol consumption and potentiated by carbon tetrachloride. Lin SC, Lin CH, Lin CC, Lin YH, Chen CF, Chen IC, Wang LY. J Biomed Sci. 2002 Sep-Oct;9(5):401-9.

Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa on carbon tetrachloride- and acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Lin SC, Chung TC, Lin CC, Ueng TH, Lin YH, Lin SY, Wang LY. Am J Chin Med. 2000;28(2):163-73.

Effects of arctiin on PhIP-induced mammary, colon and pancreatic carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats and MeIQx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Hirose M, Yamaguchi T, Lin C, Kimoto N, Futakuchi M, Kono T, Nishibe S, Shirai T. Cancer Lett. 2000 Jul 3;155(1):79-88.

Anti-inflammatory and radical scavenge effects of Arctium lappa. Lin CC, Lu JM, Yang JJ, Chuang SC, Ujiie T. Am J Chin Med. 1996;24(2):127-37.

Structural transformation of lignan compounds in rat gastrointestinal tract. Nose M, Fujimoto T, Takeda T, Nishibe S, Ogihara Y. Planta Med. 1992 Dec;58(6):520-3.

Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists contained in medicinal plants: lignans and sesquiterpenes. Iwakami S, Wu JB, Ebizuka Y, Sankawa U. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1992 May;40(5):1196-8.

Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Flatt PR, Gould BJ, Bailey CJ. Diabetes Res. 1989 Feb;10(2):69-73.

In vitro screening of traditional medicines for anti-HIV activity: memorandum from a WHO meeting. [No authors listed] Bull World Health Organ. 1989;67(6):613-8.

A desmutagenic factor isolated from burdock (Arctium lappa Linne). Morita K, Kada T, Namiki M. Mutat Res. 1984 Oct;129(1):25-31.

Screening report on the antitumor activity of purified Arctium Lappa extracts. Dombrádi CA, Földeák S. Tumori. 1966 May-Jun;52(3):173-5.

INTERAKCIJE I TOKSIČNOST

Anaphylaxis due to burdock. Sasaki Y, Kimura Y, Tsunoda T, Tagami H. Int J Dermatol. 2003 Jun;42(6):472-3.

An investigation of some Turkish herbal medicines in Salmonella typhimurium and in the COMET assay in human lymphocytes. Basaran AA, Yu TW, Plewa MJ, Anderson D. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1996;16(2):125-38.

Allergic contact dermatitis due to burdock (Arctium lappa). Rodriguez P, Blanco J, Juste S, Garcés M, Pérez R, Alonso L, Marcos M. Contact Dermatitis. 1995 Aug;33(2):134-5.